Assumptions and data sources

An outline of assumptions and limitations for this analysis.

Assumptions

This analysis intends to be a high-level investigation of hazard and risk. It is entirely limited by, and subject to, the availability of requisite data.

Data sources

• Sarawak boundary: UNHCR - derived from Humdata 2025
• Sarawak districts: UNHCR - derived from Humdata 2025
• Historical fires: ASMC 2024
• Peatlands: GFW 2019
• Settlements: derived from Global Sentinel-2 10m Annual Landcover (2023) V2 (ESRI/Impact Observatory)
• Air quality monitoring station locations and readings: MET 2025
• Aerosol optical depth: Sentinel-3A L2 Surface Reflectance and Aerosol parameters over Land (2024) (Copernicus/ESA)
• Town centres: derived from OpenStreetMap (OSM) (2025)
• Bridges: derived from OpenStreetMap (OSM) (2025)
• Roads: derived from OpenStreetMap (OSM) (2025)
• Buildings: Microsoft Bing Maps
• Land cover: Global Sentinel-3 10m Landcover (2023) (ESRI/Impact Observatory)